Oh man, as someone who's killed a [pretty high end] 15" Dell my wife was given from her work after a USB device I build shorted and back fed just ~6v onto a data line I can not stress enough that any time you solder stuff on a USB device that device needs to be tested in a powered USB hub before being directly connected to a computers USB port! Absolute max on a USB data line is just 5.85V! You really got lucky there, you have confirmed the USB port works on the computer (with a known safe device) right?
OK so your pictures show two shorted caps and I'm not sure what you're pointing the diode out for. That's a protection diode in the power line (5v) to the factory CYRF module, it probably doesn't have anything to do with your USB issue. Can you post a current pic now that you've removed the solder blobs? The USB data pins at the MCU are right next to the one shorted cap, I'd like to see pics to see you didn't simply damage the pins...
